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17 pages, 5612 KiB  
Article
Pseudo-Jahn–Teller Effect in Natural Compounds and Its Possible Role in Straintronics I: Hypericin and Its Analogs
by Dagmar Štellerová, Vladimír Lukeš and Martin Breza
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235624 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
The distortions and instability of high-symmetry configurations of polyatomic systems in nondegenerate states are usually ascribed to the pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect (PJTE). The geometries of hypericin, isohypericin, and fringelite D were optimized within various symmetry groups. Group-theoretical treatment and (TD-)DFT calculations were used to [...] Read more.
The distortions and instability of high-symmetry configurations of polyatomic systems in nondegenerate states are usually ascribed to the pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect (PJTE). The geometries of hypericin, isohypericin, and fringelite D were optimized within various symmetry groups. Group-theoretical treatment and (TD-)DFT calculations were used to identify the corresponding electronic states during the symmetry descent. The symmetry descent paths (up to the stable structures without imaginary vibrations) were determined using the corresponding imaginary vibrations as their kernel subgroups starting from the highest possible symmetry group. The vibronic interaction between the ground and excited electronic states relates to an increasing energy difference of both states during the symmetry decrease. This criterion was used to identify possible PJTE. We have shown that the PJTE in these naturally occurring compounds could explain only the symmetry descent paths C2v → C2 and C2v → Cs in hypericin, and the D2h → C2v, D2h → C2v → C2, and D2h → C2h ones in fringelite D. The electric dipole moments of hypericin and its analogs were determined prevailingly by the mutual orientations of the hydroxyl groups. The same held for the energies of frontier orbitals in these systems, but their changes during the symmetry descent were less significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiconfigurational and DFT Methods Applied to Chemical Systems—2nd Edition)
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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 611 KiB  
Review
Bridging the Gender Gap in Cardiovascular Medicine: Addressing Drug Intolerances and Personalized Care for Women with Angina/Ischemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
by Johanna McChord and Peter Ong
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(12), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11120381 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Gender medicine has increasingly underscored the necessity of addressing sex-based differences in disease prevalence and management, particularly within cardiovascular conditions and drug intolerance. Women often present cardiovascular diseases distinctively from men, with a higher prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease and varied ischemic [...] Read more.
Gender medicine has increasingly underscored the necessity of addressing sex-based differences in disease prevalence and management, particularly within cardiovascular conditions and drug intolerance. Women often present cardiovascular diseases distinctively from men, with a higher prevalence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease and varied ischemic manifestations, such as coronary microvascular dysfunction and epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. This disparity is further exacerbated by elevated drug intolerance rates among women, influenced by hormonal, genetic, and psychosocial factors. The 2024 ESC guidelines for managing chronic coronary syndromes stress the need for personalized approaches to treat angina and ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA/INOCA), recommending a combination of antianginal medications. Despite standard treatments, up to 40% of ANOCA/INOCA patients experience refractory angina, necessitating a multifaceted approach that often involves multiple antianginal drugs, which can increase the likelihood of drug intolerances. Future research should focus on including women in drug studies and addressing sex-specific differences, while healthcare providers must be equipped to manage gender-specific drug intolerances. Enhanced awareness, individualized treatment strategies, and gender-sensitive healthcare policies are crucial for improving outcomes and bridging the gender gap in cardiovascular medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women and Cardiovascular Disease: The Gender Gap)
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19 pages, 1992 KiB  
Article
Resveratrol-Loaded Pluronic Micelles Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction Targeting Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Programmed Cell Death
by Maria Lazarova, Miroslava Stefanova, Elina Tsvetanova, Almira Georgieva, Krasimira Tasheva, Lyubomira Radeva and Krassimira Yoncheva
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312777 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies suggest the potential for resveratrol (RVT) to be useful in the Alzheimer’s disease treatment, but its low bioavailability limits its application. This study aimed to assess the potential of resveratrol-loaded micelles as a neuronal delivery platform to protect rats from [...] Read more.
Numerous experimental studies suggest the potential for resveratrol (RVT) to be useful in the Alzheimer’s disease treatment, but its low bioavailability limits its application. This study aimed to assess the potential of resveratrol-loaded micelles as a neuronal delivery platform to protect rats from scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Resveratrol was incorporated into Pluronic micelles, and the effects of micellar (mRVT) and pure resveratrol (RVT) were compared in the model of scopolamine-induced dementia in male Wistar rats. Memory performance was assessed by a T maze test. The effect of the treatment on specific neurotransmitter levels and protein expression in the cortex and the hippocampus were evaluated biochemically. Our results revealed that the polymeric micelles were in nanoscale (approximately 33 nm) and reached 79% encapsulation efficiency. The treatment with mRVT demonstrated better spatial memory protective effect. The biochemical assays showed that mRVT in a dose of 10 mg/kg enhanced the effects of the pure drug in regard to noradrenalin neurotransmission and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in the hippocampus. Furthermore, micellar resveratrol increased the cAMP-response element-binding protein expression in the cortex and hippocampus of rats as well as the Bcl2/BAX ratio, which indicated an anti-apoptotic effect in the experimental dementia model. In conclusion, our results indicated the potential of a micellar system loaded with resveratrol for neurodegenerative diseases treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Health Benefits of Resveratrol: Laboratory-Confirmed Mechanisms of Action)
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13 pages, 612 KiB  
Review
A Concise Overview of Studies on Successful Real-World Applications of Bacteriophages in Aquaculture
by Jin Woo Jun
Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121843 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance poses an urgent global public health threat and a serious concern worldwide. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been identified as a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases in both humans and animals. The excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture [...] Read more.
Increasing antibiotic resistance poses an urgent global public health threat and a serious concern worldwide. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has been identified as a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases in both humans and animals. The excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture is a major threat to sustainable aquaculture, promoting the spread of antibiotic resistance in the aquaculture environment and the contamination of aquaculture products with antibiotic residues. Consequently, interest in alternative approaches that reduce reliance on antibiotics has grown within the aquaculture sector. As a promising alternative, extensive phage research targeted at aquaculture has demonstrated the protective efficacy of phages against diseases in aquatic animals. Although numerous studies have employed in vitro models, research supported by in vivo experiments remains scarce. Without in vivo evidence, phage therapy cannot fulfill the requirements of aquaculturists. The first part of this review outlines the bacterial diseases severely affecting the health and survival of aquatic animals. The second part provides updates on phage applications for the therapy and prophylaxis of pathogenic bacterial infection in aquatic animals, including administration routes and key accomplishments. Therefore, this review provides insights into effective real-world phage biocontrol strategies that enable sustainable aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phage Cocktails: Promising Approaches against Infections)
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15 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
Analysis on Unveiling the Natural Dynamics of Parthenocarpy and Self-Compatibility in Apple Trees
by Rongmei Wu, Xiaoying Chen, Bin Xia, Yujia Yang, Claire Molloy, Ruiling Wang, Hilary S. Ireland, Robert J. Schaffer, Satish Kumar and Jia-Long Yao
Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121261 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is self-incompatible and typically requires cross-pollination for seed and fruit development. Parthenocarpy (fruit development without fertilization) and self-compatibility (fruit set without external pollen) are highly desirable traits in apple breeding, as they ensure consistent fruit production and quality [...] Read more.
Apple (Malus domestica) is self-incompatible and typically requires cross-pollination for seed and fruit development. Parthenocarpy (fruit development without fertilization) and self-compatibility (fruit set without external pollen) are highly desirable traits in apple breeding, as they ensure consistent fruit production and quality without cross-pollination. However, apple parthenocarpic and self-compatible accessions have not been available for practical breeding. To identify these accessions, we analysed 436 accessions of Malus domestica and 84 accessions of wild Malus species by assessing fruit production. Flowers were bagged before opening to prevent cross-pollination. If fruit developed from the bagged flowers, it indicated the presence of self-compatibility or parthenocarpy, depending on whether the fruit contained seeds. We observed and scored a range of phenotypic expressions among accessions, from weak to strong in both parthenocarpy and potential self-compatibility. Strong parthenocarpy was observed in 5.95% of wild Malus species accessions and 3.44% of M. domestica accessions. Similarly, strong self-compatibility was exhibited in 5.95% of wild Malus species accessions and 2.75% of M. domestica accessions. Although bagged flowers showed lower fruit set rates than open-pollinated (OP) flowers, fruit size, weight, firmness, and soluble sugar and starch content showed no significant differences between fruits produced from bagged and OP flowers. Furthermore, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with a high-throughput SNP array. This analysis identified several genes potentially associated with these traits. This research provides parthenocarpic and self-compatible apple accessions for breeding, which can generate novel cultivars that eliminate the need for cross-pollination or produce seedless fruit without pollination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement of Tree Fruit)
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15 pages, 10237 KiB  
Article
Irisin Attenuates Neuroinflammation Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome
by Francesca Martina Filannino, Melania Ruggiero, Maria Antonietta Panaro, Dario Domenico Lofrumento, Teresa Trotta, Tarek Benameur, Antonia Cianciulli, Rosa Calvello, Federico Zoila and Chiara Porro
Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5623; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235623 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is defined as an immune response involving various cell types, particularly microglia, which monitor the neuroimmune axis. Microglia activate in two distinct ways: M1, which is pro-inflammatory and capable of inducing phagocytosis and releasing pro-inflammatory factors, and M2, which has anti-inflammatory properties. [...] Read more.
Neuroinflammation is defined as an immune response involving various cell types, particularly microglia, which monitor the neuroimmune axis. Microglia activate in two distinct ways: M1, which is pro-inflammatory and capable of inducing phagocytosis and releasing pro-inflammatory factors, and M2, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that form in response to internal danger signals, activating caspase-1 and leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β. Irisin, a peptide primarily released by muscles during exercise, was examined for its effects on BV2 microglial cells in vitro. Even at low concentrations, irisin was observed to influence the NLRP3 inflammasome, showing potential as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent after stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Irisin helped maintain microglia in their typical physiological state and reduced their migratory capacity. Irisin also increased Arg-1 protein expression, a marker of M2 polarization, while downregulating NLRP3, Pycard, caspase-1, IL-1β, and CD14. The results of this study indicate that irisin may serve as a crucial mediator of neuroprotection, thus representing an innovative tool for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)
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17 pages, 1105 KiB  
Article
Educational Impacts on Robotic Engineering Students of an International Online Project-Based Learning Course
by Abel R. Navarro Arcas, Juan M. Llorca Schenk, Carlos A. Jara and Irene Sentana Gadea
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121305 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of a voluntary international online course in industrial design, which applied a Project-Based Learning approach, on the acquisition of competencies among second-year students in the Robotic Engineering program at the University of Alicante (UA). The course, which included [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the impact of a voluntary international online course in industrial design, which applied a Project-Based Learning approach, on the acquisition of competencies among second-year students in the Robotic Engineering program at the University of Alicante (UA). The course, which included participants from two other European universities, aimed to enhance both generic and specific competencies. This study measured the acquisition of nine generic and four specific competencies through two types of analysis: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative analysis involved a survey assessing students’ self-perceived competency gains, while the quantitative analysis consisted of a written objective test that evaluated the acquisition of specific competencies. The results were compared between 43 students who did not participate in the course and 22 who did. The survey responses indicated that, for 10 out of 13 competencies, students reported an improvement in skills as a result of the course. Additionally, the average test score for participants was 77.2%, significantly higher than the 37.7% score for non-participants. These findings suggest a strong correlation between course participation and competency development, highlighting the potential benefits of international online courses in enhancing student learning outcomes in robotic engineering. Full article
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13 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
Classification of Real-World Objects Using Supervised ML-Assisted Polarimetry: Cost/Benefit Analysis
by Rui M. S. Pereira, Filipe Oliveira, Nazar Romanyshyn, Irene Estevez, Joel Borges, Stephane Clain and Mikhail I. Vasilevskiy
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11059; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311059 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
We study the problem of classification of various real-world objects using as input a database (DB) of laboratory polarimetric measures (Mueller matrix elements—MMEs). It can work as a complementary technology of surroundings’ imaging that can be used, in particular, in autonomous driving. To [...] Read more.
We study the problem of classification of various real-world objects using as input a database (DB) of laboratory polarimetric measures (Mueller matrix elements—MMEs). It can work as a complementary technology of surroundings’ imaging that can be used, in particular, in autonomous driving. To this end, we look for an algorithm using less input parameters without great loss of the quality of classification. We start by analyzing the data in order to understand the attributes that are more important for associating the objects with one of several predefined classes. Different sets of attributes are studied using an artificial neural network (ANN), which is optimized in terms of the number of hidden layers and the activation function. After that, an improved machine learning (ML) architecture is built using the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier on each cluster generated by applying the pre-trained ANN to the training set. This article focuses on the situation wherein one may not be able to measure all MMEs or it would be too expensive or challenging to implement when the measurement time is crucial. The results obtained for a reduced set of attributes using different ML architectures are very good, especially for the proposed combined ANN-KNN approach (wherein the ANN acts as a predictor and KNN as a corrector), which can help to avoid measuring all MMEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3D Sensing Techniques and Its Applications)
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7 pages, 11248 KiB  
Article
Sarcopenic Obesity in Younger Adult Men and Women with and Without Intellectual Disability
by Neev Shah, Rif S. El-Mallakh and Philip May
BioMed 2024, 4(4), 541-547; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4040040 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a common problem in adults with intellectual disability, but to our knowledge, there are no reports which address the problem of “sarcopenic obesity” in younger adults with intellectual disability. Methods: We performed an analysis of the body composition of 93 [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity is a common problem in adults with intellectual disability, but to our knowledge, there are no reports which address the problem of “sarcopenic obesity” in younger adults with intellectual disability. Methods: We performed an analysis of the body composition of 93 men and women with intellectual disability, and 70 matched men and women without intellectual disability, aged between 20 and 50 years. Results: Truncal Fat Index (TFI) was significantly higher in these younger adults with intellectual disability when compared to same-age individuals without intellectual disability, for both men and women. Additionally, using Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI), we found significant negative effects of truncal fat on skeletal muscle mass. These effects were much greater for those with intellectual disability, and especially for women with intellectual disability. Conclusions: This report underscores the importance of evaluation of skeletal muscle mass in all individuals with obesity, but this need appears to be greater for those with intellectual disability, especially women. Full article
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22 pages, 4197 KiB  
Article
Deeply Saddening Life Events Play a Carcinogenic Role by Inducing Mutations in ALOX12 and FKBP5 Genes
by Ahmet Kutluhan, Osman Z. Topak, Hakan Akca, Elvan Tokgun, Osman I. Ozdel, Sevda Yilmaz, Ugur Sungurtekin, Ergun Erdem and Arzu Yaren
Genes 2024, 15(12), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121531 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In the past few decades, many studies have been conducted to find out that psychological stress and cancer are closely linked. Moreover, it was reported that stress can induce mutations in gene level. Therefore, in this study we want to examine a [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In the past few decades, many studies have been conducted to find out that psychological stress and cancer are closely linked. Moreover, it was reported that stress can induce mutations in gene level. Therefore, in this study we want to examine a relationship between stressful life events, gene mutation and cancer. Methods: Stressful Life Experiences Screening (SLES), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Coping with Stress Style Scale (CSS) were applied to the participants to examine relationship between stress and cancer. Results: NGS results showed higher level of mutations accumulated on FKBP5 and ALOX12 genes in cancer patients who were exposed to stressful life events. The expression status of ALOX12 and FKBP5 genes on patients with or without cancer and several cancer cell lines demonstrated that both ALOX12 and FKBP5 mRNA levels were downregulated only in cancer patients and cancer cell lines but not in cancer free control groups. Re-created overexpression of the WT-ALOX12 and WT-FKBP5 extremely inhibited cellular growth, cellular invasion in cancer cell lines, tumor growth in xenograft model too. Conclusions: Our results indicate that Stressful Life Experiences may induce cancer development by increased somatic mutations in ALOX12 and FKBP5 genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genes & Environments)
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9 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Trend and Factors Associated with Medical–Surgical Complications in Patients Discharged from Leprosy Multidrug Therapy at the Specialized Regional Hospital in Macenta, Guinea, from 2012 to 2021
by Jean Hébélamou, Fassou Mathias Grovogui, Hawa Manet, Lavilé Povogui, Ismael Béavogui, Karifa Kourouma, Abdoulaye Sow and Alexandre Delamou
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120290 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study analyzed the trend and factors associated with medical–surgical complications in patients discharged from leprosy multidrug therapy at the Centre Hospitalier Régional Spécialisé (CHRS), in Macenta, Republic of Guinea. This was a retro 2012 (n = 54) and 2013 (n [...] Read more.
This study analyzed the trend and factors associated with medical–surgical complications in patients discharged from leprosy multidrug therapy at the Centre Hospitalier Régional Spécialisé (CHRS), in Macenta, Republic of Guinea. This was a retro 2012 (n = 54) and 2013 (n = 35) and then a slight decrease between 2014 (n = 34) and 2017 (n = 26). From 2019 (n = 18) to 2021 (n = 1), a significant d spective study using routine secondary data from 2012 to 2021. The most represented age group ranged from 25 to 59 years (73.8%), with a male predominance of 72.6%. Farmers represented 60.7% of the patients, 74.5% of the patients had plantar wounds, and 48.8% resided in the N’zerekore region. A trend analysis showed an overall significant decrease in the number of patients with complications between ecline was found. In the patients with leprosy reactions, there was a reduction in numbers from 48 in 2012 to 2 in 2014, with a predominance in men. There were significant associations between region, plantar perforation disease (p = 0.013), and physical disability (p = 0.029) and between year and leprosy reaction after the cure (p < 0.001). In summary, there was a high proportion of patients with plantar ulcers, which predominantly affected farmers, and a significant proportion with leprosy reactions and physical disabilities. Community awareness around leprosy and capacity building of the providers in terms of appropriate management may contribute to improving patients’ quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights on Neglected Tropical Diseases in West Africa)
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16 pages, 560 KiB  
Systematic Review
Development and Prevention of Biofilm Formation on Cochlear Implants: A Systematic Review
by Alexios Tsikopoulos, Konstantinos Tsikopoulos, Konstantinos Sidiropoulos, Gabriele Meroni, Stefanos Triaridis, Lorenzo Drago and Paraskevi Papaioannidou
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60121959 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Biofilm formation on cochlear implants (CIs) poses a major problem for surgeons, leading to a high incidence of explantation and revision surgery. Therefore, developing appropriate and cost-effective biofilm detection and prevention techniques is of the essence. In this systematic review, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Biofilm formation on cochlear implants (CIs) poses a major problem for surgeons, leading to a high incidence of explantation and revision surgery. Therefore, developing appropriate and cost-effective biofilm detection and prevention techniques is of the essence. In this systematic review, we sought to investigate the development of biofilm formation on CIs. We also elaborated on experimental preventative biofilm measures. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic search of both in vitro and in vivo literature published in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, until 15 June 2024, for published studies evaluating the biofilm formation and strategies for inhibiting biofilm formation on CIs. Depending on the type of the included study, we assessed quality with the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials tool, the Joanna Briggs Institute Case Reports Critical Appraisal Tool, a modified Delphi technique, and the ROBINS-I tool. We synthesized the available information on biofilm formation on CIs and the infection prevention capacity of the included antibiofilm agents. Results: A total of 26 studies were included in this systematic review. Biofilms in CIs are usually localized in their recesses such as their removable magnet pocket as opposed to their smooth surfaces. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most commonly isolated microorganisms, and they tend to be strong biofilm producers. The optimal treatment strategy for a biofilm-infected CI is explantation. Most of the examined biofilm prevention methods in CIs present sufficient antibiofilm activity. Conclusions: Biofilm formation in CIs is considered one of the most dreadful complications. There have been no specific guidelines for the treatment of those cases, with removal and/or replacement of the CI being the treatment of choice. Various experimental prevention methods provide promising antibiofilm activity both in vivo and in vitro. Full article
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15 pages, 447 KiB  
Article
Awareness of Poultry Farmers of Interconnected Health Risks: A Cross-Sectional Study on Mycotoxins, Biosecurity, and Salmonellosis in Jimma, Ethiopia
by Tadele Kabeta, Tadele Tolosa, Alamayo Nagara, Ilias Chantziaras, Siska Croubels, Filip Van Immerseel and Gunther Antonissen
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233441 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Poultry farming in Ethiopia is crucial for food security and income, but it faces significant challenges due to gaps in farmer awareness. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Biocheck.UGent™ biosecurity scoring system and a questionnaire to evaluate poultry farmers’ basic and practical [...] Read more.
Poultry farming in Ethiopia is crucial for food security and income, but it faces significant challenges due to gaps in farmer awareness. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Biocheck.UGent™ biosecurity scoring system and a questionnaire to evaluate poultry farmers’ basic and practical knowledge concerning salmonellosis and mycotoxins. The questionnaire revealed substantial gaps in basic and practical knowledge regarding Salmonella spp infections and mycotoxin among 38 poultry farmers in Jimma. About 68.4% of farmers were unaware of the impact of salmonellosis on both poultry and human health. Moreover, 78.9% had limited basic knowledge of how salmonellosis affects production and the economy. Farmers also showed limited practical knowledge of farm management and hygiene practices essential for preventing Salmonella spp. infections. Regarding mycotoxins, 63.2% of farmers lacked awareness of poultry feed management, 60.5% were unaware of the health risks mycotoxins pose, and 73.7% did not recognize signs of mycotoxin contamination. Although 55.3% of farmers demonstrated acceptable practical knowledge of strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxin contaminations, there are still concerns, particularly since 65.8% and 55.3% only showed moderate practical knowledge of feed storage and mycotoxin prevention, respectively. The overall biosecurity scores of poultry farms were below the global average, with a score of 41.7 compared to the worldwide average of 64. The overall mean score for external biosecurity was 44.9, below the global average of 63. All 3 scoring platforms and biosecurity parameters indicated that internal biosecurity was the weakest aspect, with a score of 31.6, well below the global standard of 64. The results showed a weak correlation (rₛ = 0.06) between farmers’ basic and practical knowledge scores about Salmonella spp. infections and mycotoxins. Similarly, there was a weak correlation between the poor biosecurity score of poultry farms and the basic and practical knowledge of poultry farmers on Salmonella spp. infections (rₛ = 0.17) and mycotoxins (rₛ = 0.25). In conclusion, the study found that poultry farmers in Jimma had poor basic and practical knowledge scores on Salmonella, mycotoxins, and biosecurity measures. Thus, awareness creation is paramount to improve these gaps to reduce the impact of mycotoxin contamination and poultry diseases and consequently to improve food security and food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
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14 pages, 3249 KiB  
Article
Mass Spectrometry-Based Workflow for the Identification and Quantification of Alternative and Canonical Proteins in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
by Clémence Guillon, Carole Pichereaux, Ikrame Lazar, Karima Chaoui, Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa, Mehdi Liauzun, Edith Gourbeyre, Pinar Altiner, David Bouyssié, Alexandre Stella, Odile Burlet-Schiltz, Serge Plaza, Yvan Martineau and Bertrand Fabre
Cells 2024, 13(23), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13231966 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
The identification of small proteins and proteins produced from unannotated open reading frames (called alternative proteins or AltProts) has changed our vision of the proteome and has attracted more and more attention from the scientific community. Despite several studies investigating particular AltProts in [...] Read more.
The identification of small proteins and proteins produced from unannotated open reading frames (called alternative proteins or AltProts) has changed our vision of the proteome and has attracted more and more attention from the scientific community. Despite several studies investigating particular AltProts in diseases and demonstrating their importance in such context, we are still missing data on their expression and functions in many pathologies. Among these, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a particularly relevant case to study alternative proteins. Indeed, late detection of this disease, notably due to the lack of reliable biomarkers of early-stage PDAC, and the fact that tumors rapidly develop resistance to most of the treatments used in the clinics warrant the exploration of new repertoires of molecules. In the present article, we aim to investigate the alternative proteome of pancreatic cancer cell lines as a first attempt to decipher the expression of AltProts in PDAC. Thanks to a combined data-dependent and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry workflow, we were able to identify tryptic peptides matching 113 AltProts in a panel of 6 cell lines. In addition, we identified AltProts differentially expressed between pancreatic cancer cell lines and other cells (HeLa and HEK293T). Finally, mining the TCGA and Gtex databases showed that the corresponding transcripts encoding several AltProts we identified are differentially expressed between PDAC tumors and normal tissues and are correlated with the patient’s survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microproteins: From Identification to the Discovery of Their Functions)
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9 pages, 1354 KiB  
Brief Report
Mutation in Wzz(fepE) Linked to Altered O-Antigen Biosynthesis and Attenuated Virulence in Rough Salmonella Infantis Variant
by Nneka Vivian Iduu, Steven Kitchens, Stuart B. Price and Chengming Wang
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120603 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis has emerged as a prevalent foodborne pathogen in poultry with significant global health implications. This study investigates the molecular characteristics influencing virulence in a S. Infantis rough variant collected from a poultry farm in the USA. In this study, whole [...] Read more.
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis has emerged as a prevalent foodborne pathogen in poultry with significant global health implications. This study investigates the molecular characteristics influencing virulence in a S. Infantis rough variant collected from a poultry farm in the USA. In this study, whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics were performed on smooth and rough poultry S. Infantis isolates, while chicken embryo lethality assay was conducted to assess their virulence. Comparative genomics between isolates was analyzed using Mauve pairwise Locally Collinear Blocks to measure the genetic conservation. Embryo survival rates between the isolates were compared using the Kaplan–Meier curves. High genomic conservation was observed between the two isolates, but a frameshift mutation was detected in the Wzz(fepE) gene of the rough variant, resulting in early protein truncation. The chicken embryo lethality assay showed that the lethality rate of the smooth strain was higher than that of the rough strain (p < 0.05). This study identifies a frameshift mutation in the Wzz(fepE) gene, leading to protein truncation, which may reduce bacterial virulence by impacting O-antigen biosynthesis in the rough Salmonella Infantis variant. These findings deepen our understanding of S. Infantis pathogenesis and suggest that targeting the Wzz(fepE) gene or related pathways could be a promising strategy for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Companion and Food Animals)
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15 pages, 2533 KiB  
Review
Arrested Coalescence: A Tool to Explore Tissue Rheology
by Sotiris Samatas, Martí Planasdemunt-Hospital and David Oriola
Biophysica 2024, 4(4), 604-618; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica4040040 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Tissue spheroids are self-organised 3D cellular aggregates that serve as a versatile platform in tissue engineering. While numerous high-throughput methods exist to characterise the cellular function of tissue spheroids, equivalent techniques for the mechanical characterisation are still lacking. In this review, we focus [...] Read more.
Tissue spheroids are self-organised 3D cellular aggregates that serve as a versatile platform in tissue engineering. While numerous high-throughput methods exist to characterise the cellular function of tissue spheroids, equivalent techniques for the mechanical characterisation are still lacking. In this review, we focus on tissue fusion— a simple, fast, and inexpensive method to characterise the rheology of tissue spheroids. We begin by discussing the implications of tissue rheology in development and disease, followed by a detailed explanation of how the phenomenon of arrested coalescence can be used to explore the rheology of tissue spheroids. Finally, we present different theoretical models that, when combined with experimental data, allow us to extract rheological information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Biophysics in Spain 2.0)
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11 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Contractile Properties and Acute Muscle Fatigue Response in Adult Females with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain
by Hyungwoo Lee, Seungwon Lee, Chanki Kim and Kyoungkyu Jeon
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121202 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study examined the erector spinae contractile properties, trunk isokinetic strength, and differences in acute muscle fatigue response after exercise in young females with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). This study evaluated participants using tensiomyography and isokinetic trunk strength tests. [...] Read more.
This study examined the erector spinae contractile properties, trunk isokinetic strength, and differences in acute muscle fatigue response after exercise in young females with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). This study evaluated participants using tensiomyography and isokinetic trunk strength tests. An independent t-test compared the control group and the NSCLBP group, while a two-way mixed ANOVA analyzed differences in the erector spinae’s acute muscle fatigue response before and after exercise within and between groups. The results of the tensiomyography indicated that the NSCLBP group exhibited significantly lower Dm and Vc (p < 0.05) compared to the control group, while Tc showed no significant difference between groups. Significant differences in all variables were observed between the groups in the isokinetic trunk strength test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the two-way mixed ANOVA revealed significant group main effects in Dm and Vc of the erector spinae (p < 0.05). This study found that non-specific chronic low back pain is linked to a decrease in Dm, Vc, and trunk isokinetic strength in both extensor and flexor muscles. It suggests that future research should further investigate the acute muscle fatigue response in individuals with and without NSCLBP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Function in Health and Disease)
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18 pages, 3855 KiB  
Article
Impact of Camera Settings on 3D Reconstruction Quality: Insights from NeRF and Gaussian Splatting
by Dimitar Rangelov, Sierd Waanders, Kars Waanders, Maurice van Keulen and Radoslav Miltchev
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7594; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237594 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
This paper explores the influence of various camera settings on the quality of 3D reconstructions, particularly in indoor crime scene investigations. Utilizing Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and Gaussian Splatting for 3D reconstruction, we analyzed the impact of ISO, shutter speed, and aperture settings [...] Read more.
This paper explores the influence of various camera settings on the quality of 3D reconstructions, particularly in indoor crime scene investigations. Utilizing Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and Gaussian Splatting for 3D reconstruction, we analyzed the impact of ISO, shutter speed, and aperture settings on the quality of the resulting 3D reconstructions. By conducting controlled experiments in a meeting room setup, we identified optimal settings that minimize noise and artifacts while maximizing detail and brightness. Our findings indicate that an ISO of 200, a shutter speed of 1/60 s, and an aperture of f/3.5 provide the best balance for high-quality 3D reconstructions. These settings are especially useful for forensic applications, architectural visualization, and cultural heritage preservation, offering practical guidelines for professionals in these fields. The study also highlights the potential for future research to expand on these findings by exploring other camera parameters and real-time adjustment techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Future Trends of 3D Image Sensing, Visualization, and Processing)
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19 pages, 603 KiB  
Article
Women’s Empowerment in Rural Tourism as Key to Sustainable Communities’ Transformation
by Aleksandra Vujko, Darjan Karabašević, Drago Cvijanović, Svetlana Vukotić, Vuk Mirčetić and Pavle Brzaković
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310412 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
The study focuses on the significance of empowering women, which plays a crucial role in the sustainable transformation of rural communities. It highlights the relevance of rural tourism as both an indicator of women’s livelihoods and a catalyst for meaningful change. Increasingly, women [...] Read more.
The study focuses on the significance of empowering women, which plays a crucial role in the sustainable transformation of rural communities. It highlights the relevance of rural tourism as both an indicator of women’s livelihoods and a catalyst for meaningful change. Increasingly, women are forming associations that not only foster positive interactions among themselves but also extend their influence to other women within their communities. The research aimed to address two key questions: “What actions would you undertake in the realm of rural tourism?” and “What does the advancement of rural tourism mean for you on a personal level?” To analyze the data, factor analysis was employed to categorize the variables alongside structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings identified six distinct factors and demonstrated the interrelationship among these factors. The findings indicate that women willingly choose to participate in rural tourism, predominantly involving activities related to domestic food and beverages, tourism and hospitality, and the production and sale of souvenirs. This addresses the first inquiry. The responses to the second inquiry identified factors such as empowerment, independence, and development. This supports the initial hypothesis H, which posits that rural tourism acts as a measure of women’s empowerment, resulting in significant changes within the rural communities in which these women reside. The research outcomes are relevant to all rural regions in Serbia and its vicinity, where women’s roles are often marginalized and a transformation is essential. Full article
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13 pages, 2629 KiB  
Article
Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) from Chia Seeds
by Dailos González-Weller, Elena Bethencourt-Barbuzano, Katarzyna Siedzik, Soraya Paz-Montelongo, Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández, Arturo Hardisson, Samuel Alejandro-Vega, Juan R. Jáudenes-Marrero and Carmen Rubio
J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14(4), 1836-1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040098 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
The increasing consumption of chia seeds is followed by a growing interest in their nutritional and toxicological characterization. To assess the characterization of the essential and PTEs of this novel food, 20 samples of conventional and organic chia seeds available on the European [...] Read more.
The increasing consumption of chia seeds is followed by a growing interest in their nutritional and toxicological characterization. To assess the characterization of the essential and PTEs of this novel food, 20 samples of conventional and organic chia seeds available on the European market were analyzed using ICP-OES. Then, the dietary exposure to these elements was assessed. An exhaustive investigation into the metal content of this food serves to elucidate the paucity of existing knowledge. The results show that the levels of essential elements are similar in both types of production, while the levels of PTEs are higher in the organic samples. The exposure assessment indicates that Mn contributes the most among the essential elements, followed by Cu in women. Exposure to PTEs through doses of 50 g/day of chia seeds analyzed would hardly pose short-term health risks as the contributions are below 10%, except for Sr, although they could produce a long-term toxicological risk. To promote safety in chia seed consumption, it is recommended to encourage responsible and moderate consumption, continue monitoring PTE levels in this novel food, and establish concentration limits for PTEs in future European regulations. Full article
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13 pages, 932 KiB  
Article
Metabolomic Profiling and Functional Characterization of Biochar from Vine Pruning Residues for Applications in Animal Feed
by Serena Reggi, Sara Frazzini, Maria Claudia Torresani, Marianna Guagliano, Cinzia Cristiani, Salvatore Roberto Pilu, Martina Ghidoli and Luciana Rossi
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233440 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Biochar has gained interest as a feed ingredient in livestock nutrition due to its functional properties, circularity, potential to reduce environmental impact, and alignment with sustainable agro-zootechnical practices. The in vivo effects of biochar are closely tied to its physical characteristics, which vary [...] Read more.
Biochar has gained interest as a feed ingredient in livestock nutrition due to its functional properties, circularity, potential to reduce environmental impact, and alignment with sustainable agro-zootechnical practices. The in vivo effects of biochar are closely tied to its physical characteristics, which vary depending on the biomass used as feedstock and the production process. This variability can result in heterogeneity among biochar types used in animal nutrition, leading to inconsistent outcomes. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolomic and functional properties of an aqueous biochar extract from vine pruning waste, in order to predict its potential in vivo effects as a functional feed ingredient. A metabolomic analysis of the biochar extracts was conducted using quadrupole time-f-light (QQTOF) high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS). Antimicrobial activity against E. coli F18+ and E. coli F4+ was assessed using standard growth inhibition assays, while quorum sensing in E. coli exposed to biochar extracts was evaluated using real-time PCR. Prebiotic activity was assessed by exposing selected Lactobacillus strains to the biochar extract, monitoring growth patterns to determine species-specific responses. The metabolomic profile revealed several distinct molecular classes, including multiple peaks for phenolic compounds. The extract significantly inhibited the growth of both E. coli pathotypes, reducing growth by 29% and 16% for the F4+ and F18+, respectively (p < 0.001). The relative expression of the genes involved in quorum sensing (MotA, FliA for biofilm formation, and FtsE, HflX for cell division) indicated that the observed inhibitory effects likely resulted from interference with flagellar synthesis, motility, and reduced cell division. The biochar extract also showed species-specific prebiotic potential. In conclusion, biochar derived from vine pruning waste represents a valuable feed ingredient with functional properties that may help to reduce antibiotic use in livestock production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
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16 pages, 4100 KiB  
Article
Influence of Initial Yield Strength Weighting on Residual Stresses in Quenched Cylinders Using Finite Element Analysis
by Junpeng Li, Yingqiang Xu and Youwei Liu
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235833 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Using the quenching process to create a specific residual stress distribution in steel parts is a key method for improving their strength. Although finite element simulation can overcome the time-consuming and labor-intensive limitations of experimental measurements, accurately predicting the residual stress distribution in [...] Read more.
Using the quenching process to create a specific residual stress distribution in steel parts is a key method for improving their strength. Although finite element simulation can overcome the time-consuming and labor-intensive limitations of experimental measurements, accurately predicting the residual stress distribution in quenched steel parts remains a challenge for researchers and manufacturers. The initial yield strength weighting scheme used in finite element simulations has a significant impact on the results. To investigate the influence of initial yield strength weighting on the residual stress distribution in quenched steel cylinders, finite element models with different yield strength weightings have been developed. The results show that the large hardness difference between austenite and martensite can cause significant deviations between the residual stress predicted using linear weighting and the experimental results. The linear weighting scheme commonly used by researchers overestimates the yield strength of the austenite phase in the mixed-phase material during cooling, leading to an overestimation of residual stress. Employing nonlinear yield strength weightings, such as Leblond weighting, can significantly improve the computational accuracy of finite element models, yielding more reliable and consistent predictions. This improved accuracy in predicting residual stress using finite element simulation offers a powerful tool for optimizing the quenching process. Full article
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11 pages, 4134 KiB  
Article
Effects of Extreme Temperature on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in 3D Printed Samples
by Taieba Tuba Rahman, Nathan Wood, Zhijian Pei and Hongmin Qin
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121201 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study on the effects of extreme temperature on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells encapsulated in 3D printed samples. Well plates of the 3D printed samples were exposed to three levels of temperature (37 °C, 45 °C, and 55 [...] Read more.
This paper reports an experimental study on the effects of extreme temperature on human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells encapsulated in 3D printed samples. Well plates of the 3D printed samples were exposed to three levels of temperature (37 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C, respectively) for a duration of 10 min. Cells’ responses, specifically cell viability and oxidative stress, were quantified using Hoechst 33342, Sytox, and Mitosox stains, with intensity measurements obtained via a plate reader. In addition, cell viability was assessed through microscopic imaging of the 3D printed samples. Experimental results demonstrated that the temperature increase from 37 °C to 55 °C significantly reduced nuclear integrity as observed through Hoechst 33342 intensity, while increased Sytox intensity reflected a higher degree of cell death. Furthermore, cells exposed to 45 °C and 55 °C exhibited decreased cell viability and elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress. These findings offer valuable insights into the effects of extreme temperature on HBE cells, establishing a foundation for future research into how respiratory tissues respond to thermal stress. This research can potentially advance the knowledge regarding effects of heat exposure on the respiratory system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Regenerative Engineering)
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17 pages, 771 KiB  
Article
Children’s Interpretation of Conditional Connectives
by Duygu Sarısoy, Semih C. Aktepe and Sena Gül
Languages 2024, 9(12), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9120365 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2024
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the uni-conditional marker if can be interpreted biconditionally in some contexts. Similarly, the biconditional marker unless may receive a biconditional interpretation in positive quantificational contexts (e.g., every) and a uni-conditional reading in negative quantificational contexts (e.g., no). However, [...] Read more.
Previous studies have shown that the uni-conditional marker if can be interpreted biconditionally in some contexts. Similarly, the biconditional marker unless may receive a biconditional interpretation in positive quantificational contexts (e.g., every) and a uni-conditional reading in negative quantificational contexts (e.g., no). However, exceptive accounts expect unless to yield a biconditional meaning in all contexts. Our aim in this preliminary study is to provide experimental evidence about how children interpret these conditional connectives. A recent study conducted with adult Turkish speakers found that unless was not semantically biconditional in either positive quantificational contexts or negative quantificational contexts (Evcen et al. 2019). We used a similar paradigm with a child-friendly adaptation to test how if (-sA), if not (değilse), and unless (-mAdIkçA) would behave with 5-year-old children acquiring Turkish. Our preliminary results indicate that children, unlike adults, disregard the antecedent hosting the conditional connective but focus only on the consequent hosting the quantifier structure. We argue this may be related to the higher syntactic and semantic complexity in these structures incurring heavy working memory demands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Studies on Turkic Languages)
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